IMAGERY THOUGHTS:
Research into level of visual embellishment (Useful Junk? The Effects of Visual Embellishment on Comprehension and Memorability of Charts (Bateman et al, 2010)) in relation to imagery was really interesting.
- Got me thinking about the effects of imagery on learning.
- Feel this would be good to research into as would help with the imagery within my practical.
- Thinking about peer primary research into effects of imagery and how this could be included within the discussion of the essay (imagery helping support text when reading, seeing an image after reading also helped).
*Any text in red in the following sections is my comments/thoughts etc.
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Pictorial Illustrations Still Improve Students’Learning From Text (Carney and Levin, 2002)
Research conducted primarily during the 1970s and 1980s supported the assertion that carefully constructed text illustrations generally enhance learners' performance on a variety of text-dependent cognitive outcomes. Research conducted throughout the 1990s still strongly supports that assertion.
- shows a specific type of imagery being successful in assisting memory and performance.
- What about different types of imagery, photographs, graphs, icons etc.
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Processing Visuals (Eisenberg, 2014) (Admin, 2014) (Bobek and Tversky, 2016)(Pavel, 2014)
Visualization works from a human perspective because we respond to and process visual data better than any other type of data. In fact, the human brain processes images 60,000 times faster than text, and 90 percent of information transmitted to the brain is visual. Since we are visual by nature, we can use this skill to enhance data processing and organizational effectiveness. (Eisenberg, 2014)
- http://www.t-sciences.com/news/humans-process-visual-data-better Eisenberg, 2014. Humans Process Visual Data Better. [online] Thermopylae Sciences + Technology. Available at: http://www.t-sciences.com/news/humans-process-visual-data-better [Accessed 14 November 2020].
- provides an explanation for why imagery is helpful, provides background knowledge to the topic.
- supports findings from zoe and sophie in primary research task (into imagery effects on understanding information).
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One of the easiest ways to ensure that learners store information in their long-term memory is to pair concepts with meaningful images. Visuals help students make sense out of the content and direct attention, increasing the possibilities that the learners will remember the material. (Admin, 2014)
https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/bid/350326/studies-confirm-the-power-of-visuals-in-elearning#:~:text=One of the easiest ways,learners will remember the material
- again this supports findings from Zoe and Sophie, shows a need for imagery when an individual hasn't an existing understanding of the topic.
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"...unless our words, concepts, ideas are hooked onto an image, they will go in one ear, sail through the brain, and go out the other ear. Words are processed by our short-term memory where we can only retain about 7 bits of information (plus or minus 2). This is why, by the way, that we have 7- digit phone numbers. Images, on the other hand, go directly into longterm memory where they are indelibly etched"
- This links to chunking and why chunking is a good method to use when needing to learn small pieces on information. (Pavel, 2014)
- It is appropriate to mention this in practical as the content is small pieces of info to dip in and out, not concerned with losing interest or conversation.
Pavel, C. (2014) Using Visual Content in Your Marketing. Quaestus Multidisciplinary Research Journal, pp.164-168. https://www.quaestus.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/pavel5.pdf
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We compared learning from creating visual or verbal explanations for two STEM domains, a mechanical system (bicycle pump) and a chemical system (bonding).
For the mechanical system, creating a visual explanation increased understanding particularly for participants of low spatial ability. For the chemical system, creating both visual and verbal explanations improved learning without new teaching. Creating a visual explanation was superior and benefitted participants of both high and low spatial ability. Visual explanations often included crucial yet invisible features. The greater effectiveness of visual explanations appears attributable to the checks they provide for completeness and coherence as well as to their roles as platforms for inference. (Bobek and Tversky, 2016)
Surely some of the effectiveness of visual explanations is because they represent and communicate more directly than language. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5256450/
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Impact of Imagery on Comprehension (Jalilehvand, 2012) (Chandraeskaran, 2014)
Jalilehvand (2012) found that regardless of text length comprehension was better when students had read text text with a picture than without.
The Effects of Text Length and Picture on Reading Comprehension of Iranian EFL Students - file:///Users/eviecrook/Downloads/15408-50852-1-PB.pdf Jalilehvand, M., 2012. The Effects of Text Length and Picture on Reading Comprehension of Iranian EFL Students. Asian Social Science, 8(3).
Chandraeskaran (2014) found no significant difference between comprehension scores from the text with picture stimulus group and the scores from the text only group.
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A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effect of Adjunct Pictures on Reading Comprehension (Readence and Moore, 1981)
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A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: Using Visual Images to Improve Comprehension for Middle School Struggling Readers (Hibbing and Rankin-Erickson, 2003)
When text and illustration do not match the illustrations can interfere with comprehension and reduce learning.
Imagery provides the reader with a 'visual peg' to connect to the text - links to spatiotemproal markers and mental map.
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What impact does colour have within publication in relation to retention?
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Colour in Learning: It’s Effect on the Retention Rate of Graduate Students (Olurinola and Tayo, 2015)
'Colour is believed to be the most important visual experience of human beings (Dzulkifli & Mustafar, 2013). It functions as a powerful information channel to the human cognitive system and has been found to play a significant role in enhancing memory performance.'
'Colour is a powerful tool, which has many uses in education. It can be used to get attention, enhance clarity, establish a code, label things in nature and differentiate items.'
'Colour draws on both symbolic and cognitive powers to affect learning, facilitating memorization and identification of concept. Colour also influences the way we see and process information; it can improve our ability to remember both words and pictures (Myers 2004). Colours can play a positive role in affecting learners' cognitive retention (Dzulkifli & Mustafar, 2013).'
'colour has the potential to increase chances of environmental stimuli to be encoded, stored, and retrieved successfully' p. 4 - This links to CTML 'according to CTML, three essential processes contribute to successful comprehension. In the first process, selection, learners extract relevant information from verbal text and graphics. Then, learners organize relevant information for comprehension. Last, learners integrate these two models.' Guo et al 2020
Findings indicated that the groups exposed to congruent colours and achromatic colours performed better than those exposed to incongruent colors, this affirms that not just any colour increases retention for adult learners, contrary to what was reported by Spence et al. (2006); which found that using any colour at all increase young learners cognitive retention. This particular finding may be as a result of visual experience of the graduate students which creates memories of past stimuli that can later serve as a context for perceiving new stimuli. - Relates to Andragogy theory of drawing on past experiences to help you understand new ones.
'For example ordinarily, when you read, you use the context of your prior experience with words to process what you are reading.' p. 4
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The Influence of Colour on Memory Performance: A Review (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743993/)
There appears to be a basis for associating colour and its significant effect on memory abilities. In other words, colour has the potential to increase chances of environmental stimuli to be encoded, stored, and retrieved successfully. - Related to CTML
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The Influence of Colour on Memory Performance: A Review (Dzulkifli and Mustafar, 2013)
Memory refers to the mental process of encoding, retaining, and retrieving environmental information.
(colour) It functions as a powerful information channel to the human cognitive system and has been found to play a significant role in enhancing memory performance
There need to be strategies to facilitate the learning process and colours can play a role in motivating students to learn and profit from their educational experiences.
When we pay attention to certain information, we are actually selecting and focusing certain amount of information to be processed in our cognitive system. The degree of attention attached to certain stimuli increase the probability of the information to be stored in memory
Colour helps us in memorizing certain information by increasing our attentional level. The more attention focused on certain stimuli, the more chances of the stimuli to be transferred to a more permanent memory storage.
Greene, Bell, and Boyer (21), further explained that warm types of colours such as yellow, red and orange have been found to have a greater effect on attention compared to the cool type of colours like brown and gray.
Colour has been found to influence memory performance by increasing our attentional level and arousal.
The right combination of colours is important because it can produce higher level of contrast, and this can influence memory retention.
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Colour in Learning: It’s Effect on the Retention Rate of Graduate Students (Olurinola and Tayo, 2015)
'Colour is a powerful tool, which has many uses in education. It can be used to get attention, enhance clarity, establish a code, label things in nature and differentiate items.'
Colour also influences the way we see and process information; it can improve our ability to remember both words and pictures (Myers 2004). Colours can play a positive role in affecting learners' cognitive retention (Dzulkifli & Mustafar, 2013).'
'colour has the potential to increase chances of environmental stimuli to be encoded, stored, and retrieved successfully' p. 4 - This links to CTML 'according to CTML, three essential processes contribute to successful comprehension. In the first process, selection, learners extract relevant information from verbal text and graphics. Then, learners organize relevant information for comprehension. Last, learners integrate these two models.' Guo et al 2020
This particular finding may be as a result of visual experience of the graduate students which creates memories of past stimuli that can later serve as a context for perceiving new stimuli. 'For example ordinarily, when you read, you use the context of your prior experience with words to process what you are reading.' p. 4 - Relates to Andragogy theory of drawing on past experiences to help you understand new ones.
All Research is kept on Notion: https://www.notion.so/COP-Research-2f7f1fd1e24f43569d01cfb1f4bf8c61
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