Mini Book - CoP Practical Development

Mini Book:

Single columns
More pages
Small/pocket size

What is it meant to do?
- Be a practical handbook people can keep in the car or in their pocket to refer back to.
- Thinking about how the size impacts the experience.

Is it effective?
- Not as much as larger version.
- Looks more like existing highway code publications with one column, pages start to look the same making a mental map more confusing as there are fewer 'landmarks' to navigate between. 

CoP Reading - Final Stages of Essay

Red text = my comments/thoughts

Yellow highlight = key information 

The Signaling (or Cueing) Principle in Multimedia Learning (Van Gog, 2005)

 Van Gog, T (2005) 'The Signaling (or Cueing) Principle in Multimedia Learning' in Mayer, R., (2005) The Cambridge Handbook Of Multimedia Learning. New York: University of Cambridge, pp.263-265.

The cueing principle refers to the finding that multimedia learning materials become more effective when cues are added that guide learner’ attention to the relevant elements of the material or highlight the organisation of the material (Van Gog, p 263)

Processing information that is not relevant to learning induces extraneous cognitive load that is ineffective for learning or may even hamper learning. P.264

- Relates to hierarchy, the importance of visual differences between sections of text. 
- Could bring colour into this, it is being used to establish not a hierarchy but a code to help reduce cognitive load.

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How reading in single- and multiple-column types influence our cognitive load: an EEG study (Al-Samarraie et al, 2019)

Al-Samarraie, H., Eldenfria, A., Zaqout, F. and Price, M., 2019. How reading in single- and multiple-column types influence our cognitive load: an EEG study. The Electronic Library, 37(4), pp.593-606.

This study aims to enrich the current understanding of the impact of reading in single- and multiple-column types on students’ cognitive processing.

This study examined the cognitive processes that users experience when reading text from single- and multiple-column layouts. The EEG results (evident from the theta and alpha band power) showed that reading text in two-column layout can potentially offer a better reading experience by improving the cognitive functions associated with the way information is displayed. This means that the type of design layouts may impose additional cognitive burden on the user which can result in increasing or decreasing cognitive correspondence.

- Presents the argument and benefits of learning from two columned text due to improving cognitive functions associated to displays. 
- Supports the use of two columns in publication in a new light. 

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Colour (Dzulkifli and Mustafar, 2013) (Olurinola and Tayo, 2015)

The Influence of Colour on Memory Performance: A Review

Memory refers to the mental process of encoding, retaining, and retrieving environmental information.
- Feels relates to CTML, presenting how information is processed and stored. 

(colour) It functions as a powerful information channel to the human cognitive system and has been found to play a significant role in enhancing memory performance.
- Supports us of colour within imagery as well as independently on the page as code.

There need to be strategies to facilitate the learning process and colours can play a role in motivating students to learn and profit from their educational experiences.

When we pay attention to certain information, we are actually selecting and focusing certain amount of information to be processed in our cognitive system. The degree of attention attached to certain stimuli increase the probability of the information to be stored in memory

Colour helps us in memorizing certain information by increasing our attentional level. The more attention focused on certain stimuli, the more chances of the stimuli to be transferred to a more permanent memory storage.
- Suggests why full colour images are more beneficial. Keep them in text.

Greene, Bell, and Boyer (21), further explained that warm types of colours such as yellow, red and orange have been found to have a greater effect on attention compared to the cool type of colours like brown and gray.

Colour has been found to influence memory performance by increasing our attentional level and arousal.

The right combination of colours is important because it can produce higher level of contrast, and this can influence memory retention.
- Bear this in mind when thinking about the colour.
- Also think about this for when text is placed over a colour, don't want there to be competing elements.

Dzulkifli, M. and Mustafar, M. (2013.)The Influence of Colour on Memory Performance: A Review. Malays J Med Sci, 20(2), pp.3-9.

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Colour in Learning: It’s Effect on the Retention Rate of Graduate Students

'Colour is a powerful tool, which has many uses in education. It can be used to get attention, enhance clarity, establish a code, label things in nature and differentiate items.'

Colour also influences the way we see and process information; it can improve our ability to remember both words and pictures (Myers 2004). Colours can play a positive role in affecting learners' cognitive retention (Dzulkifli & Mustafar, 2013).'

'colour has the potential to increase chances of environmental stimuli to be encoded, stored, and retrieved successfully' p. 4 - This links to CTML 'according to CTML, three essential processes contribute to successful comprehension. In the first process, selection, learners extract relevant information from verbal text and graphics. Then, learners organize relevant information for comprehension. Last, learners integrate these two models.' Guo et al 2020

This particular finding may be as a result of visual experience of the graduate students which creates memories of past stimuli that can later serve as a context for perceiving new stimuli. 'For example ordinarily, when you read, you use the context of your prior experience with words to process what you are reading.' p. 4 - Relates to Andragogy theory of drawing on past experiences to help you understand new ones.

(Olurinola and Tayo, 2015) Olurinola, O. and Tayo, O. (2015) Colour in Learning: It’s Effect on the Retention Rate of Graduate Students. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(14), pp.1-6.

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Reading Types (Harper et al, 2009) (Kukreja, 2013) (Massey University, 2020) (Djamasbi et al, 2011)

People, reading at speed by scanning for just appropriate information tend to fixate less often and for a shorter time, however, they can only remember the gist of the information they have read; and are not able to give a comprehensive discourse on the information encountered.
- suggests the reason for navigation during primary research, proposes that imagery caught the attention of the participants more than imagery. 

Harper, S., Michailidou, E., and Stevens, R. (2009) Toward a definition of visual complexity as an implicit measure of cognitive load. ACM Trans. Appl. Percpt. 6(2) 18 pages.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simon_Harper/publication/220245084_Toward_a_Definition_of_Visual_Complexity_as_an_Implicit_Measure_of_Cognitive_Load/links/09e41511298e090b04000000.pdf

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(i) Scanning: Scanning is a fast reading style in which the reader examines the text to look for specific information. This type of reading is usually done for searching for information through a list of numbers, addresses, and supplies for a specific one.

(ii) Skimming: This type of reading is done when you want to identify the core/main idea of the material. It provides a broad overview of what is primarily contained in the material. It is useful for selecting relevant material which can, later on, be read in detail. It saves a lot of time by not spending too much time reading what is of no relevance to the reader.

- Provides clarity to the types of reading being performed in primary research, also helps with identifying how design can direct the reader where they need to depending on the type of reading they're engaged with. 
- For highway code reader will most likely scan text for the section they need, so large directive pieces of design needs to be obvious to avoid excessive cognitive processing.  

Kukreja, S. (2013) Methods For Teaching Reading. [online] Management Study HQ. Available at: https://www.managementstudyhq.com/approaches-to-reading-styles.html#:~:text=(i) Scanning%3A Scanning is,to look for specific information.&text=You just have to see,but as a search technique. [Accessed 19 November 2020].

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In-depth (or detail) reading is the most involved and essential. The purpose of this style is to understand the concepts and arguments that the text contains. It should be done after skimming the text.

In-depth reading is used to

• gain deeper meaning and comprehension of a text.
• research detailed information for an assignment.
• read difficult sections of a text.

Massey University, 2020. In-Depth Reading. Available at: https://owll.massey.ac.nz/study-skills/in-depth-reading.php (Accessed 19 November 2020).

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Because larger items draw more attention than smaller items, larger objects on a page will be viewed before smaller ones. - Providing support for findings in primary research. Similarly, because people exhibit a top down viewing preference, items located at the top of a page will have priority in the visual hierarchy over other items on the page. Designers can also influence the scanning phase of viewing. Because items in close proximity are perceived as related to each other [16], placing related information around an entry point on a web page can facilitate a more effective scan phase.

- Currently layout of publication with new chapter headings at the top of the page is most successful according to this research. Eye naturally locates to the top of page so it makes most sense that this is where key aspects of text are placed. 

https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=uxdmrl-pubs

Djamasbi, S., Siegel, M., & Tullis, T. (2011). Visual hierarchy and viewing behavior: An eye tracking study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 331-340.

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The Graphic Thing (Jones, 2014)

Jones, P. (2014) The Graphic Thing: Ambiguity, Dysfunction, and Excess in Designed Objects. Design and Culture, 6(2), pp.203-218.

when we are overwhelmed by sensorimotor data so that there is a veridical experience of the physical existence of a thing, the thing becomes “larger than life.” Attention is another issue – things attract attention because they resist straightforward classification and understanding. But there is also the experience of becoming aware of the existence of something when it interrupts an activity and becomes the focus of our attention.
- According to Jones the 'Introduction to Psychology' publication by Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian is entering the realm of 'thingness' as it is no longer visually recognisable as a book. The reader is having to apply a lot of cognitive processing to understand the design of the page before they can understand the content. This could lead to poor retention and comprehension of the text. 

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Type Crowding (Arditi at al, 1990)

Arditi, A., Knoblauch, K. and Grunwald, I., 1990. Reading with fixed and variable pitch. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science, 7(10).

The data indicate at least two crowding effects at the smallest sizes: one that interferes with individual character identification and one that interferes with word identification.

For basic models of reading, our data suggest that the following effects must be considered: retinally central crowding of individual characters by neighboring characters and of words by adjacent words, number of eye fixations required in order to scan the text, and, possibly, crowding of more eccentrically located words that may not exhibit crowding in central vision at small sizes

Arditi, A., Knoblauch, K. and Grunwald, I., 1990. Reading with fixed and variable pitch. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science, 7(10).

- Thinking about the application in terms of serif and sans serif for the publication. 

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The role of Imagery in Learning. (Broudy, 1987)

Broudy, H. (1987) The role of Imagery in Learning. Los Angeles: Getty Centre for the Arts, pp 11-13

'Imagery is centrally important in facilitating long term retention, at least for adults.'

'Paivio's explanation is that according to neurological and psychological research, the brain stores information in at least 2 different modes: imaginal and verbal. Thus, imagery allows the learner to elaborate a verbal input into the more concrete imaginal one.'

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Color Images More Memorable Than Black and White (Mone, 2002) 

Mone, G. (2002) Color Images More Memorable Than Black And White. Scientific American. Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/color-images-more-memorab/ (Accessed 30 November 2020).

Psychologists have found that colors enhance an individual's visual memory. From a series of experiments, researchers learned that subjects were more likely to recall the color version of an image than the same scene in black and white. The results, which appear in the May issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, also indicate that natural colors make a difference. A photo of a landscape with a green sky, for example, will not lodge as effectively in the brain as the same scene with a blue sky. - Goes against the initial idea of editing colours of images to make them more visually cohesive. 

"If stimuli are too strange," Gegenfurtner says, "the system simply doesn't engage them as well." To catch someone's eye, bright colors might be best, but if "the aim is more to have an image 'stick' in the viewer's memory," Wichmann suggests, "unnatural colors may not be suitable."
- Think about the application of colour for the cover and body text, how can these differ and why should they?

Friday 27th - CoP Developments

Blue highlight = essay research influence

To do today:

• Reformat highway code to 205mm x 143mm:
  - Times (don't do this, it didn't looks good in previous test)
  - Times and Helvetica ✅
  - Helvetica ✅
• Print and bind highway code:
  - Perfect bind (Times) ✅
  - Coptic Bind (Times and Helvetica)

To do over the weekend:

• Go over essay, read whole thing add in anything extra
• Go over CoP blogs and add in references to the practical

MANAGED TO FIGURE OUT PRINTING

Perfect bound:

- Sans serif titles

- Serif body text

• Size:
  - Really nice to hold
  - Would need to make slightly wider as perfect bind takes up space inside (especially in the margins)
• Type:
  - Typeface is a good size, but as it is rather small I find it's easier to read the sans serif compared to serif (thinking back to Morris et al (2002) who found readers read sans serif fonts 4x faster than serif fonts at smaller sizes).

Forgot to add navigation dots need to put these in next draft.

Coptic Bound:

- sans serif everywhere

• Size:
  - Again good size
  - Easy to manage and hold
• Bind:
  - Allows the book to lie flat so the margin spacing isn't as much of an issue
  
• Type:
  - At 7.5 pt I find sans serif easier to read as it is such small text, not sure if this is appropriate or not. Need to ask more people. 
  - Research looks into sans serif being more legible at smaller sizes:
  > Arditi et al 1990 - Crowding affects ability to understand letter and therefore words. 
  > (Serif vs. Sans for Text in Print, n.d.) - For other shorter text settings – such as captions, credits, column headings, as well as text in charts and graphs – a sans serif typeface can be a good choice. Its simplified letterforms are unencumbered by serifs, which can impede the readability of characters at very small sizes.
  > (Romney 2005) - while serif typefaces are inherently easier to read, sans serif typefaces can be just as readable, if they are used properly.
  > (Morris et al, 2002) - readers can read sans-serif type about 20% faster at very small sizes. This advantage disappears at larger sizes.

Things to think about:
How does the binding of books influence how the reader interacts with them?

What production methods provide an easy reading experience?

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Problems found from printing:

> Some pages look really low 
- in particular chapter 4 as it is a longer chapter.

Could do with moving up slightly to fix this. 
Needs to be more balanced, yo sit on page well.

>Margins are they too close to the edge?
- Need to look at other books and compare:

Seems to be a large difference between the books.

- 'The Form of the Book Book' has much larger margins but this is the book that has more traditional formatting than the others. It has chapters to be read in a linear manner.
- All the other books had much smaller margins and were able to be dipped in and out of. 

Thinking more about the contents page:

Developing ideas:

Mixed case for chapter titles and caps for content, and having it central to the page, colourful dot.

- Strong hierarchy

- Could do with more development as currently rather simple.

- Like the incorporation of colour, is enough but could maybe given more of an obvious relation to the chapters.

Uppercase for chapter titles and contents title, and having it aligned to the top left, colourful dot.
- Alignment to the top left seems a little odd within the page, makes for a large amount of white space. Feel this would be more appropriate if there were more chapters to the book.
- I think the use of uppercase for the chapter titles works well as it links to the titles on those pages well.
- Wider spacing to emphasise chapters but I think this works against the design, the use of dots and bold text is enough to create hierarchy without the space. 

Uppercase for chapter titles and contents title, and having it aligned to the top left, colourful text.
- The colourful titles is slightly distracting, also for the yellow text it's difficult to read due tot he fact it is pale (this could be changed to a different colour that stands out more but I think the colourful dots are effective enough). 

Uppercase for chapter titles and contents title, and having it centred, colourful dots.
- Combination of the most successful elements, centred works with the number of chapters in the book, less space between chapters as hierarchy is still well established with capitalised and bold chapter titles (this is nicely carried through to the page numbers creating consistency and assisting navigation).

MANAGING TIME: 

30 Mon	1 Tue	2 Wed	3 Thu	4 Fri
Start thinking about Cover - initial ideas: - Traffic signs - Road markings etc. Research into existing ones.	Refine design inside pages of publication - Serif typeface - Navigation dots - All details	Print book and test with covers. Refine and finalise cover design.	Check essay bibliography - make corrections.	@10 Submission Briefing  Finalise publication and send to print.

603: Weekly Briefing (27th)

WEEKLY BRIEFING

CoP - Final tutorial next week (Tues or Thu)

Weds 3rd - Peer led CoP crits on practical, get presentation ready for this.

• What do I want feedback on?
• Ask questions

Friday - Submission briefing CoP, will go into all details.

Cop formating:

• 12pt arial, 1.5 line space
• Images in a different section - (figure 1 and a caption about what it is, and source)
• Make note of URL address of where images were found (doesn't need to be harvard)
  
  

603 SESSION

1 - 10:35

2 - 11:00

3 - 11:25

Looking at blogs:

• Blogs are looking okay at the moment for me 
• Keep reflecting on blogger, making this obvious
• Keep them up to date as tutors keep tabs on where everyone's at, also helpful for crits and showing people their work. 
• Have different labels for 603 specific briefs (e.g. B1 Book a Day, B2 Out of Context)

CoP Practical Developments - Production

 Need to start thinking about the physical making of my project, how will the book be constructed.
- Best way to bind?
- Cover?
- Index
- Contents page

1st print test (pamphlet stitch):

There were quite a few issues with this method of binding:

> Because there were a large number of pages the rag was really large, when I trimmed the book down it meant a the layout was compromised and the navigational dots became rather small:

> A success of the publication were the navigation dots on the side, when you splayed the edges out they were clearly visible:

To improve the book needs to be broken down into signatures and coptic bound or be perfect bound. 
Which would be more appropriate?

Also noticed here the margins were quite small, would want to increase these. 

PERFECT BIND:

• No need to develop signatures, all individual pages meaning no rag to trim.
• Clean finish, can add cover to book with this method.
• Wants to force itself closed, less effective for navigating.

COPTIC BIND:

• Lies flat, able to navigate easier than perfect bound.
• Can leave on a specific page as it stays open, doesn't want to force itself closed like perfect bind. 
• Lots of small pamphlet stitches so still a small rag to trim. 

Need to test these to see which is most effective.

Practice coptic bind today to understand the method better:

Was able to bind easily, simple 4 signatures with 4 sheets in each. 

Feel this would work for the publication but it may need more pages.

ISSUE WITH FILE AND PRINTER:

Crop marks weren't aligning, they were a solid 1cm off. This isn't typical of a printer, normally a few millimetres off - why is this happening?

Digi print suggested it was because the printer wasn't calibrated. Used their printer and issue remained. 

Figured out it's because the file was scaling down and this was causing the problem. When printing at 100% alignment was fine. 

Need to define a specific size the book is going to be make the file this size and print. 

Looking at other books, don't want it to be too large:

205mm x 143mm 
(Size of notebook, is a comfortable size to hold a flick through)

> Can also fix issue of margins being small. 

To Do Next:

• Reformat book to new sizing
• Print and bind book:
  - Perfect
  - Coptic
• Decide on typeface 

(B1) Out of Context: Developments and Finalising

 Talk with Rosie and Zoe:

• Referencing with all the bells and whistles (blue, italic, hyperlink) was too much, just became copying and a bit cliche.
  - Zoe made reference to the searching on google and how your search shows up, a lot less obvious and I don't think many people notice this when googling.
  - Try zoe's type method with my layout?
• Labeling of work, using simple circle with number inside (thinking like swimming locker labels).
  - blue background colour?
• I mentioned how that could be translated into the catalogue, having the reference numbers be in the image like the labeling.
  - Reduces the number of nods to referencing.
• Instagram, really want to use the features of stories and reels.
  - STORIES: As the user clicks through the story more information is removed as a result leaving them with the bigger picture as the tap.
  - REELS: Showcase the posters in the real world. Think this is important to showcase the fact that the exhibition is happening in the real world, not online since a lot of exhibitions are online now that might be an assumption people jump to. 
  
• I really wanted to make sure we were showcasing real life things on the instagram because now if I see an ad for a event that's digitally made I assume it's an online event.
  - Feel presenting this physical side of the exhibition online will make people realise it isn't an online event. 

DEVELOPMENT: 

I had to darken the images so the number was visible, but I don't think it makes too much of an impact on how the image is perceived.

- Also the aim is for the information in the catalogue to provide more context for the object the audience is looking at. 

We prefer the referenced style with all the images at the top. 
- Links to referencing bu in a more subtle way.
- Can fit more imagery on the pages than previous layout (if finance is an issue).

Final spread:

Email:
- Needing to refine this so the text is all there at the start and the typing just appears. 

^ Final one

Added an RSVP in hyperlink text that could be a nice way of getting the audience to understand the visual reference to hyperinks throughout the branding. 

Instagram:

- Working more on the squares for the instagram.
- Taking the posters and re working to be the squares.

Felt this was becoming repetitive, wanted to take advantage of instagram and the grid layout more:

Having the images bleed across the posts, with the wonky text as well. 

- Like the continuous effect, provides a sense of one thing leading to the next (this works well as the essay section of text should be demonstrating this sense of flow also).

- Feel the wonky text doesn't work very well though, would rather the text be in the same place across squares and the images fit in between.

This one works better.
- Thinking of making squares that go into more detail about specific projects (if this is something uni would be interested in doing)

Again these would all flow into each other using the images. 
- Text is same as in catalogue creating cohesion between all elements. 

What would this look like in the text? Make a mock up

They work really well online when viewing as a grid.
Made the icon the blue RGB colour just as a placeholder for now could develop an icon later if it gets selected. 
The fact each post has 'Out of Context' on makes each post relevant and interesting. When people do parallel posts they often get ignored because the individual posts aren't inviting. 

Reel for instagram:

- Works well as a mock up, would do one more clean and professional if we got chosen but as this is a pitch of ideas we feel this conveys the idea well and can be worked on later. 

Presenting Imagery & Navigation

Blue highlight = essay research influence

Thinking about how to represent the graphs, what's the best way to do this that's cohesive with the publication so far but is memorable and doesn't become compromised by the design?

Research into Imagery:

My 2020 in Data (So Far)

Giorgia Lupi documents her life during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in a data visualization for ‘The New York Times.’ https://www.pentagram.com/work/my-2020-in-data-so-far/story

The hand-drawn visualization is a personal timeline that tracks the “last” time Giorgia did something before the pandemic hit, and the “first” time she did something new as she started to emerge from lockdown.

• Representing personal experience through data, less typical.
  - Visual aesthetic is hand drawn, mimics that personal exploration into the year well.
  - This wouldn't be appropriate for my topic, however the vibrant colours and unique representation of data could be something to consider.
  - Think back to research on 'visual embellishment' and how this impacts the memory, how do I want the audience to remember this information?
  
  

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Research into Navigation:

London College of Communication - Wayfinding Solution

https://www.pentagram.com/work/london-college-of-communication/story

• Of course this is navigation within a physical space and my project is looking more at the navigation within a book but there are interesting aspects that can be drawn from wayfinding design.
  
• Simplicity of type is extremely effective, able to be seen from far away but also up close.
  
• Colour to separate sections, this is really effective as colour isolates the rooms into different sections of the building.
  - Can easily develop a mental representation and correlate colour to space. This is what I'm wanting to achieve within my publication. 
  - Use of colour within the text to assist the audience in developing a mental map of book, allowing them to navigate the publication as easily as they would a building. 

NYC Subway Design 

Massimo Vignelli “reimagined the MTA New York City Transit subway system as a neat grid of colored lines surrounded by a beige ocean.”

• The system has to be so recognisable, easy to navigate due to its simplicity.
  - Colour to indicate the lines, numbers and letters for stops, instantly understood by those who use the subway and able to be understood by those new to the system.
  
• The map presents the city not in a geographically accurate way (distances aren't to scale) but this is to allow the user to see stops in relation to each other easily. Same as london underground. 
  - Think about this when redesigning graphs within publication, don't just think about what is accurate but think about how the audience is going to understand it from my design choices.
• Think of navigation book like navigating space.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS:

Wanting to make this more visually interesting. 
Colour works well, keeps the attention of the audience, 'in other words, colour has the potential to increase chances of environmental stimuli to be encoded, stored, and retrieved successfully' (Dzulkifli and Mustafar, 2013).

Idea of using icon, the graph mentions the length in cars, this could be an idea:

• Using the cars as a measurement
• Gives people a visual to connect the information to, making it less passive.
  - However isn't the most visually interesting, I doubt anyone has seen 24 cars lined up end to end. 
  - May be worth trying to find other representations that might resonate more with the audience. 
• Has the same issue of being really long and thin
  - need to see how this fits on the page.

In text:

- In text looks odd, similar to the original due to the aspect ratio.

- Another format could be more appropriate.

- When in text with the rest of the imagery, it stands out as it's not like other imagery used, it's minimal and also a little childish with the use of cars. 

Making a more simple design:

• More minimal, similar to the original but with the typeface used within the text, makes it more cohesive as a visual.

• In text fits nicely, the aspect ratio allows it to fit better within the page. 
• Hierarchy within the text is good, stong, with use of bold and large/small type.

Image Developments (Practical CoP)

Blue highlight = essay research influence

Thoughts on Practical:

• Having chapters in individual pamphlets
  - collated together to become a collection of small books (thinking like mr men collection)
  - would be kept together in a container?
• Illustrations: Reading showed that line drawings were successful, perhaps outline the illustrations to see the impact.
  - Need to consider colour still, remember research mentioning colour making the document more engaging, increasing attention, encourages cognitive processing. (Colour helps us in memorizing certain information by increasing our attentional level. The more attention focused on certain stimuli, the more chances of the stimuli to be transferred to a more permanent memory storage. (Dzulkifli and Mustafar, 2013)
  - Remember what sophie said in observation about the more realistic the illustrations the better she learnt because she was able to recognise the elements (thinking back to andragogy principle of drawing on past knowledge). 
• Imagery needs to be considered with impacts of cognitive load in mind, 'Like many cognitive abilities, working memory is a finite resource that diminishes with exertion. (Jabr, 2013) - Make sure no excess cognition is being spent on unnecessary places
  - Think about 'streamlining' the illustrations like  (Godwin, Eng, Murray, and Fisher, 2019) in their children's book illustration study. 

Took this image:

And turned it into a line drawing:

And added it into the page.

Before: 

After:

The colour image works much better, grabs attention and creates interest.
- Line drawing is difficult to understand due to black and white only.
- What sophie said about the colour and slight realism of the illustration is highlighted when these elements are removed. 

What can I do?

- Other images have extra visuals that could be considered distracting
- Thinking about extraneous processing, how to reduce this by having key information presented in the image:
> (Godwin et al, 2019) Placing text and illustrations in close proximity could make a sense of competition between resources, this is more likely when illustrations contain irrelevant information. (Godwin, Eng, Murray, and Fisher, 2019. Book Design, Attention, and Reading Performance: Current Practices and Opportunities for Optimization. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, [online] Available at: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10166669 [Accessed 3 August 2020].)

The sky background on this image isn't needed, also the red box outlining the text is rather distracting.

Ways to make this more cohesive with the rest of the book:

- remove blue sky background.

- Make text same as body text

- Remove red as it's distracting, experiment with different colours as well as no colour at all. 

Again here:
- Remove sky background
- Rethink the composition, how else apart from speech bubbles could the signs be presented?

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Original Traffic Light Image in Text:

Development:

Edited the image to look like this, changed the type to match the text in book.

Sits like this within the text.

- Looks odd with the transparent background, doesn't fit with the rest of the text.

- Feel it needs to have a background colour, would make it fit with the image next to it, strengthening the visual grid system. 

Edited the image to look like this.

- Blue background to assist in presenting the grid.

- White rectangles over text to highlight them without being too distracting (like the original red was).

- White background with black text will also be easier to read at the scale it'll be printed compared to the white text on red background on the original image (gestalt theory shows that that combination would be difficult as text would appear thinner, therefore harder to read). 

Works well within page when the image has a full colour background.

- Will the text be legible? Ask peers about this when print full test copy. 

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Original Image in Text:

Edited image:

White background, removed red lines from bubbles.

- clearer, less distracting without the red lines. 

- moved the signs closer to the centre of the image as they were cropped off in the original image. 

In text:

- Looked odd as the shape again wasn't the same as image above.

- Need to include background colour (use the same as traffic lights).

Background colour in image:

- Works better in the grid, but still looks strange with the speak bubbles, feel they could be designed more appropriately.

> Want to rethink the speech bubbles, the curves create an odd shape within the image. 
- Could move to the corners on the image, take up less room (currently the pole of the signs takes up a lot of room that isn't needed). 

Image edited to make speech bubbles different, more square different placement.

- Editing to develop background looks good, is convincing.

- The arrangement of the 'bubbles' looks really odd, rethink the placement to give the image more balance. 

This works much better within the layout, the balance is better and the concept is still easily understood. 

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Think about Graph:

What to do to make this more visually cohesive? 
- Need to find a way to represent the information that isn't as long, the aspect ratio of the page where this sits required it to be much smaller in length: