COP Essay Points to Discuss:
‘...modern screens and e-readers fail to adequately recreate certain tactile experiences of reading on paper that many people miss…’
‘We treat individual letters as physical objects when reading, but also the human brain may also perceive a text in its entirety as a physical landscape. When we read, we construct a mental representation of the text in which meaning is anchored to structure. The exact nature of this remains unclear, but they are likely similar to the mental maps we create of terrain and man-made physical spaces.’
‘...paper books have more obvious topography than on screen text.’
- Jabr, 2020. The Reading Brain In The Digital Age: The Science Of Paper Versus Screens. [online] Scientific American. Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reading-paper-screens/ [Accessed 3 August 2020].
It was easier for those who read on paper to remember what they had read (2013 study in norway). Mangen et al (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883035512001127) say that this is because paper gives spatio-temporal markers while you read. Touching paper and turning pages aids the memory, making it easier to remember where you read something.
- Mangen, Walgermo, and Brønnick, 2013. Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, pp.61-68.Students were able to better comprehend information in print for texts that were more than a page in length. This appears to be related to the disruptive effect that scrolling has on comprehension.
- Links to (Mangen, Walgermo, and Brønnick, 2013.), and (Singer and Alexander, 2016.) discussing issues of navigation, how publications aid this while screen can distract.
Reading was significantly faster online than in print.
- Alexander, and Singer, 2017. A New Study Shows That Students Learn Way More Effectively From Print Textbooks Than Screens. [online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/students-learning-education-print-textbooks-screens-study-2017-10?r=US&IR=T#:~:text=A new study shows that,from print textbooks than screens&text=As researchers in learning and,reading print and digital media [Accessed 3 August 2020].
A navigational issue to consider is the nature in which the mediums determine one’s access to the texts in their entirety. The question becomes, are students willing to give up detailed understanding of the text read in order to have the ease offered by digital texts?
- Links to (Mangen, Walgermo, and Brønnick, 2013.), discussing issues of navigation, how publications aid this while screen can distract.
- Singer and Alexander, 2016. Reading Across Mediums: Effects of Reading Digital and Print Texts on Comprehension and Calibration. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(1), pp.155-172.A kinesthetic-tactile learning style requires that you manipulate or touch material to learn. Kinesthetic-tactile techniques are used in combination with visual and/or auditory study techniques, producing multi-sensory learning.
Movements such as; chewing gum, tapping your foot or pencil, pacing, are methods of increasing attention when studying. If moving the body when learning it is beneficial to move the body when recalling the information.
- Houghton College. 2020. Kinesthetic Learning Style | Houghton College. [online] Available at: <https://www.houghton.edu/students/center-for-student-success/center-for-academic-success-and-advising/study-advisement/general-study-information/kinesthetic-learning-style/> [Accessed 3 August 2020].adults learn best when teaching strategies combine visual, auditory, and kinesthetic approaches.
- Russell, 2020. An Overview of Adult-Learning Processes. 26(5), pp.349-270.The act of reading isn’t passive, it’s highly active and interactive – the magic happens between the text and the world the reader creates in response to the text. Anything that unnecessarily interrupts this process is likely to be annoying to the reader.
- unknown‘The design of everyday things is often invisible. Until the look of something becomes radically different from what we expect, we rarely think about its appearance.’
- This relates to Joseph Mullerbrockmann, idea of having as little influence from design as possible to avoid disrupting the reading process.
- Links to comment above for the same reason.
- Hendel, 1998. On Book Design. New Haven : Yale University Press, p.9.Study looking into different design choices to influence children reading. It identifies a design feature that influences children's ability to maintain attention to the text.
- Godwin, Eng, Murray, and Fisher, 2019. Book Design, Attention, and Reading Performance: Current Practices and Opportunities for Optimization. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, [online] Available at: <https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10166669> [Accessed 3 August 2020].The presence of graphics have a moderate positive effect on reading comprehension. However, the more granular details of for whom, when, and how using graphics will deepen students’ comprehension is endowed with less certainty. We did not, however, find a significant difference among pictures, pictorial diagrams, and flow diagrams, indicating no benefit from either realism or simplicity of form.
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning - According to CTML, three essential processes contribute to successful comprehension. In the first process, selection, learners extract relevant information from verbal text and graphics. Then, learners organize relevant information for comprehension. Last, learners integrate these two models. CTML predicts that graphics promote higher level learning.
CTML emphasizes the coherence principle (Mayer, 2009) in which extraneous information is removed, thus focusing learners’ attention on the essential information. This work promotes designs such as flow charts, which focus on the essential components of a system and the relations within. In contrast, detailed and realistic portrayals (e.g., photographs) contain extraneous information that may distract learners.
- Guo, Zhang, Wright, and McTigue, 2020. Do You Get the Picture? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Graphics on Reading Comprehension. AERA Open, 6(1), p.233285842090169.
As predicted by the multimedia principle, those receiving text and graphics consistently outperformed those who received textual materials only.
As predicted by the multimedia principle, those receiving text and graphics consistently outperformed those who received textual materials only.
- Lai, and Newby, 2012. Impact of static graphics, animated graphics and mental imagery on a complex learning task. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 28(1).
They help to show concisely that there was support for the static media hypothesis—that is, some evidence that people engage in less extraneous processing and therefore are able to engage in deeper cognitive processing when they learn from static illustrations and text rather than the dynamic animations and commentaries.
Practical Applications from study:
First, the paper treatment involves simultaneous presentation of the frames whereas the computer presentation involves successive presentation of the frames. Second, the paper treatment is learner controlled because the learner can determine the pacing and order of the presentation simply through eye movements, and the computer treatment is instructor controlled because the narrated animation is presented at a fixed pace.
- Mayer, Hegarty, Mayer, and Campbell, 2005. When Static Media Promote Active Learning: Annotated Illustrations Versus Narrated Animations in Multimedia Instruction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11(4), pp.256-265.Andragogy (adult learning) adults tend to be more self-directed, internally motivated, and ready to learn. Adults have an array of past experiences they can draw on these when learning new things.
- esthermsmth, "Andragogy – Adult Learning Theory (Knowles)," in Learning Theories, September 30, 2017, [online] Available at: https://www.learning-theories.com/andragogy-adult-learning-theory-knowles.html#:~:text=Summary%3A Andragogy refers to a,motivated%2C and ready to learn [Accessed 9 August 2020].In practical terms, andragogy means that instruction for adults needs to focus more on the process and less on the content being taught.
- Adams, n.d. Andragogy. [online] Www2.southeastern.edu. Available at: <http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/nadams/etec630&665/Knowles.html> [Accessed 12 August 2020].'Information presented with clear and logically set out titles, subtitles, texts, illustrations and captions will not only be read more quickly and easily but the information will also be better understood and retained in the memory.' pg 13
'The grid divides a two-dimensional plane into smaller fields' pg 11
- Thinking about how grids can be used to develop a topography of the page. Linking to (Jabr, 2020).
'The rule: The fewer differences in the size of the illustrations, the quieter the impression created by the design.' pg 11
'Every difficulty standing in the readers way means loss of quality in communication and memorability.' pg 30
- Müller-Brockmann, 2019. Grid Systems In Graphic Design. Niederteufen: Verlag Arthur Niggli, pp.10-30.The main finding of the study shows that students who read in print scored significantly better than those who studied digitally. It discusses the importance of spaciotemporal markers that exist within publications and that this contributes to better comprehension.
‘the difference in comprehension performance between the print and the computer group could be related to issues of navigation within the document.’
Readers in the paper condition had immediate access to the text in its entirety. This access is, moreover, built on both visual and tactile cues: the reader can see as well as tactilely feel the spatial extension and physical dimensions of the text, as the material substrate of paper provides physical,tactile, spatiotemporally fixed cues to the length of the text
- Mangen, Walgermo, and Brønnick, 2013. Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, pp.61-68.Visual Example: ‘Introduction to Psychology’ (book)
This modular, visual approach to the fundamentals of psychology--the pioneer of the "visual" or "magazine" style approach--makes even the toughest concepts engaging and entertaining. Each and every page is individually planned, written, and formatted to effectively incorporate the use of Visual Cues, which help you to better remember information. Extensively updated, the text also utilizes "chunking," a method of breaking concepts down into small, easily digested sections that help you learn at your own pace.
- Plotnik, and Kouyoumdjian, 2013. Introduction To Psychology. 10th ed. Wadsworth.
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